A Finnish low energy house, the annual heating costs (without capital costs) are about 300 USD.

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A Finnish low energy house
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Timo Kalemaa, Jaakko Karvinenb and Risto Castrenc

aTechnical Research Centre of Finland, Laboratory of Heating and Ventilating, 02150 Espoo, Finland

bMakrotalo Ltd, Kornetintie 4, 00380 Helsinki, Finland

cRetermia Ltd, Kontiokatu 2 D, 15950 Lahti, Finland

Available online 3 March 2003.

Abstract

In the Finnish climate the annual heating energy demand in a modern small house, where the floor area is about 120 m2, is 60–70 GJ. The energy includes both the space and the tap water heating. With a new heating system in an extremely well insulated house the annual energy consumption is 27 GJ. The heating system includes heat recovery from exhaust air with a heat pump and from sewage water with a thermosyphon. The heating costs are very low. When the mean price of electricity is 11 USD/GJ, the annual heating costs (without capital costs) are about 300 USD.